 |
|
 |
 |
||
|
İlknur Maviş* Swathi Kiran** Nida Şanlı* *Anadolu University, DILKOM, TURKEY **Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Texaz at Austin, USA Title The effect of typicality upon Turkish/English word selection in a category generation task: Turkish bilinguals’ performance ABSTRACT The present study investigated the effect of language and category on category generation and typicality judgement. Participants are divided into 3 groups depend on naming accuracy; Turkish dominant, English proficient and balanced bilingual groups (ICPLA, 2008).For category generation task 22 Turkish-English bilinguals are instructed to generate members for 3 categories that include food, clothes and animals and their subcategories such as food at birthday party, food for lunch; clothes for warm weather and for cold weather; animals at zoo, farm animals are asked to generate for Turkish-English bilingual adults. The number of the category members are compared across the groups. Turkish category generation task English proficient group produce significantly less items for food for lunch category than Turkish dominant group (p<.005). English category generation taskEnglish proficient group produce significantly more objects in for food (P=.000), food at birthday party (P=.007), animals (P=.001), animals at zoo (P=.010), clothes categories then balanced and Turkish dominant group. For translation equivalent objects ,English proficient group are significantly more than Turkish dominant group and balanced group. For Turkish typicality judgement task, 20 Turkish monolingual adults and for English typicality judgement task, 20 Turkish-English bilingual adults are participated. The objects which are generated for food for lunch, food at birthday party, clothes for warm and for cold, animals at zoo and animals in farm categories from bilingual adults are collected in a questionnaire and asked to rate English categoric generated object from 1 (least member of this category/nearly not member of this category) to 7 (most probable member of this category.). Mean typicality judgement score, standart deviations and z points are calculated. According to z point member of these categories are named as typical or a typical member of the category. Summary The representation of semantic categories in bilinguals has deserved much research. However, lexical–semantic organization is relatively less studied than other linguistic domains among bilinguals. Coordinate bilinguals (eg. Spanish bilinguals) acquire their second language after the age of 10 years, usually in an environment different from the one in which they learned their first language. In contrast, compound bilinguals acquire both languages before the age of 10 years, in the same setting. Paivio (1991) argued that coordinate bilinguals have different conceptual representations for many of the translation equivalents in their two languages, whereas for compound bilinguals translation equivalents usually refer to the same underlying concept. Like coordinate bilinguals, Turkish bilinguals acquire their second language after the ages of 10 years; however acquire it in the same setting like compound bilinguals. Therefore, Turkish bilinguals have a unique place in the literature to be studied. Generally, in category-generation tasks, bilinguals generate a comparable number of category exemplars in each language (Spanish-English, Turkish-English, etc) under each condition (slot filler, taxonomic) and for each category (animal, food, and clothing), indicating similarity in rates of semantic development between two languages. Category-generation tasks vary from generating more items in the contextually constrained slot-filler condition (e.g., name animals found at the zoo) to the taxonomic condition (e.g., name animals). Moreover, common categories are natural object concepts, such as 'furniture'. Ad hoc categories are those that are constructed for use in specialized contexts and are considered instrumental in achieving goals. An example of an ad hoc category is 'things not to eat on a diet'. Thematic relations involve co-occurrence in event schemas (e.g., dog–bone), and taxonomic relations involve hierarchical category membership (e.g., dog–horse, animal), both of which are basic organizational principles of the semantic lexicon. Taxonomic relations become increasingly salient in structuring semantic networks and guiding the retrieval of semantic knowledge. The classical view of categories being represented by a set of defining features that allows equivalent probability of membership for all members has been replaced by the observation that not all members of a category are equal. It has been found that some items are judged as good or typical members (e.g., robin) of a category (e.g., bird) while others are judged poor or atypical members (e.g., ostrich). It has also been found in several studies that typical examples receive preferential processing relative to other examples in the category and this phenomenon has been labeled the typicality effect The typicality effect has been shown using various experimental paradigms including: (a) subjects-ratings of typicality of items within a category (b) the order in which category items are learned, (c) probability of item output within a category, (d) expectations generated by category names), and (e) category naming frequency. More relevant to the present experiment, typicality has also been found to predict verification time for category membership. SUMMARY Several studies have investigated lexical access in bilingual individuals using naming tasks. In a previous study examining English/Spanish bilingual individuals, Edmonds & Kiran (2004) found that naming accuracy was dependent on the language proficiency. There is very little information regarding lexical Access, category generation and typicality judgement in Turkish-English bilinguals.As a first step towards understanding the relationship between lexical access in normal bilingual adults speaking in Turkish, the present study investigated the relationship between category generation according to language dominance and typicality judgement. Methods Participants Confrontation Naming and Category Generation Twenty Turkish-English bilingual individuals participated in this study. Participants’ ages ranged from 25 to 57 years, with a mean age of 43 years (sd: 9,03). All the participants were recruited from the Anadolu university staff in Typicality Judgement The objects which are generated from bilingual adults are collected in a questionnaire. For Turkish typicality judgement task, 20 Turkish monolingual adults ranging age 23-55 asked to rate the objects according to their typicality from 1 (least member of this category) to 7 (most probable member of this category) to Turkish categoric generation objects . For English typicality judgement task, 20 Turkish-English bilingual adults who are Anadolu University staff in English teaching department are selected to rate English categoric generated by Turkish –English bilingual individuals from 1 (least member of this category/nearly not member of this category) to 7 (most probable member of this category.) Stimuli Three tasks were created, a confrontation naming task, a category generation task and typicality judgement task. Stimuli were identical for both languages.For confrontation naming task, 154 pictures which are noncognates are selected. For categoric generation task, 3 categories that include food, clothes and animals and their subcategories such as food at birthday party, food for lunch; clothes for warm weather and for cold weather; animals at zoo, farm animals are asked to generate for Turkish-English bilingual adults. This resulted in a total of 9 semantic categories are analyzed and tested. In typicality judgement task, The objects which are generated from bilingual adults are collected in a questionnaire. for Turkish typicality judgement task, 20 Turkish monolingual adults ranging age 23-55 asked to rate the objects according to their typicality from 1 (least member of this category) to 7 (most probable member of this category) to Turkish categoric generation objects for food for lunch, food at birthday party, clothes for warm and for cold, animals at zoo and animals in farm categories For English typicality judgement task, 20 Turkish-English bilingual adults who are Anadolu University staff in English teaching department are selected to rate English categoric generated object from 1 (least member of this category/nearly not member of this category) to 7 (most probable member of this category.) for food for lunch, food at birthday party, clothes for warm and for cold, animals at zoo and animals in farm categories. Procedure For confrontation naming and categoric generation task, all datas were completed across 2 sessions seperates at least 2 days. The participants divided into 2 groups randomly and category labels and naming task counterbalanced. For confrontation naming task, participants were instructed to name the picture ,for category generation task participants were instructed to name as many items as they could in that language for each category label without any time limitation. All sessions are recorded and then transcribed. For typicality judgment task, members for food for lunch, food at birthday party, clothes for warm and for cold, animals at zoo and animals in farm categories are collected in questionnaire and participants are given from hand. Results confrontation naming and category generation Participants are divided into 3 groups depend on naming accuracy; Turkish dominant, English proficient and balanced bilingual groups (ICPLA, 2008). For Turkish category generation task, all group outputs are analyzed by Kruskall Wallis.English proficient group produce significantly less items for food for lunch category than Turkish dominant group (p<.005). For English category generation task, all groups are analyzes 3*2 ANOVA means significant difference for categories for food, food at birthday party , animals, animals at zoo, clothes. Bonferroni post-hoc analyse revealed English proficient group produce significantly more objects in for food (P=.000), food at birthday party (P=.007), animals (P=.001), animals at zoo (P=.010), clothes categories then balanced and Turkish dominant group. For translation equivalent objects collected in 2 different sessions, Kruskal-Wallis revealed significant difference in animals at zoo category (p=.037). All datas are separated and analized Post-hoc (Dunn's test) reveal the objects produced by English proficient group are significantly more than Turkish dominant group and balanced group. In typicality judgement task, food for lunch, food at birthday party, clothes for warm and for cold, animals at zoo and animals in farm categories are selected and mean judgement points, standart deviations and z points are calculated. According to z point member of these categories are named as typical or a typical member of the category.
Her türlü soru ve düşünceleriniz için buraya tıklayarak bizimle iletişime geçebilirsiniz. |
Web Tasarım: ACN Internet